Frostbite occurs if the skin is exposed to extreme or continued cold. If cold exposure occurs, the skin freezes as well as the underlying tissues. In extreme cases, the muscles, nerves and blood vessels might also become frozen.
Always bear in mind that the skin might freeze in minutes if exposed to temperatures that drop below freezing. Even if the temperature is above the level of freezing, the skin is expected to freeze if it is damp or exposed to extreme wind chills.
The condition also occurs if the skin is directly in contact with cold surfaces. This form of exposure can cause the skin that touches the frozen surface to immediately freeze.
Who are at risk?
- Not dressed appropriately for freezing conditions
- Body is weakened due to hunger, fatigue, physical labor, dehydration, alcohol consumption or injury
- Smoking (this narrows or constricts the blood vessels and disrupts circulation)
- Presence of medical ailments such as depression, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease or cardiovascular disease
- Using beta-blockers
Additionally, young children and elderly individuals are at higher risk to develop frostbite.
What are the indications?
Generally, frostbite causes the following symptoms:
- Skin feels prickly and/or numb
- Pain around the exposed body part
- Skin discoloration
In severe cases, the following symptoms might arise:
- Skin turns black in appearance
- Blisters
- Stiffness or loss of function of the joints and muscles
Regardless of the severity, seek medical care if frostbite is accompanied by any of the following:
- Dizziness
- Fever
- Redness, swelling or drainage in the affected area
Management of frostbite
Immediate first aid for frostbite includes the following:
- Transfer the individual to an area or shelter away from the cold
- Tuck the hands under the arms to keep them warm
- Stay indoors and get rid of damp clothing and any jewelry if possible
- When indoors, place the feet and hands in warm water and cover the entire body using a blanket
- Avoid any sources of heat such as fire, lamps or heating pads since these can burn the affected skin
- If dehydration is suspected, provide the individual with warm beverages.
- Consult a doctor as soon as possible
In most cases of frostbite, it can be treated by warming the affected areas in water. The doctor will also disinfect the affected skin and cover with dressings. Once the skin is raw, it is at risk for infection. Antibiotics are prescribed if the skin is infected.
Quick Note / Disclaimer
The material posted on this page on frostbite is for learning and educational purposes only. To learn to recognize and manage cold-related conditions including frostbite, register for a first aid and CPR course with Saskatoon First Aid.