Air embolism occurs if one or several air bubbles block an artery or vein. Once an air bubble enters a vein, it is called as venous air embolism. If it moves into an artery, it is known as an arterial air embolism.
These air bubbles can travel up to the brain, lungs or heart and trigger a stroke, heart attack or respiratory failure.
What are the usual causes?
Air embolism can develop if the arteries or veins are exposed and pressures enables air to move into them. This can occur in various ways such as:
Injections and surgical procedures
An IV or syringe can accidentally introduce air into the veins. Air can also enter the veins or arteries via a catheter that is inserted into them.
During surgical procedures, air can enter the veins and arteries as well. This is quite common during brain surgeries. Nevertheless, medical professionals can detect and fix the embolism during the procedure before it becomes a serious issue.
Lung trauma
Air embolism can oftentimes occur if the lungs are damaged. A good example is when the lung is compromised after an accident where a ventilator is required. A ventilator works by driving air into the impaired vein or artery.
Scuba diving
Air embolism can occur while scuba diving. This can occur if the individual holds his/her breath for a long period while underwater or if surfacing from the water rapidly.
These actions cause the air sacs in the lungs to rupture. Once they rupture, air might move to the arteries, resulting to air embolism.
Explosion and blast injuries
Injuries from a blast or bomb explosion can cause the arteries or veins to open. These injuries generally occur in combat scenarios. The force of the explosion can drive air into the damaged arteries or veins.
Indications of air embolism
A minor case of air embolism can cause mild symptoms or none. The symptoms of a severe case might include:
- Difficulty breathing or respiratory failure
- Bluish-tinged skin
- Chest pain
- Low blood pressure
- Stroke
- Muscle or joint pain
- Changes in the mental status such as confusion
Management
The management of air embolism has 3 objectives – stop the source of air embolism, prevent the embolism from damaging the body and resuscitation if needed.
In some instances, the doctor will determine how the air enters the body. In such instances, the issue is fixed to prevent future issues.
The doctor might place the individual in a sitting position to prevent the embolism from moving to the brain, lungs and the heart. Medications might also be given such as adrenaline to preserve the pumping of the heart.
If possible, the doctor will get rid of the embolism via surgery. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is another treatment option where the individual is placed inside a high-pressured room that delivers 100% oxygen. This can cause the embolism to shrink so that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream without any damage.
More Information / Disclaimer
The information posted on this page on air embolism is for learning purposes only. Learn to recognize and manage sudden medical emergencies by taking a standard first aid course with Saskatoon First Aid.