Focal seizures only affect one area of the brain. With this type of seizure, it can be categorized as simple or complex. A simple seizure usually affects one muscle group and only lasts less than a minute in most cases. As for complex seizures, they are described by loss of consciousness, lip smacking, gagging, muscle contractions and no recollection of the episode afterward.
Medications
The anti-seizure medications that are taken on a long-term basis have been the first line of treatment for focal seizures. The commonly used medications include valproate, phenytoin and carbamazepine. The newer medications such as gabapentin or tiagabine can also be used along with the older medications.
The typical side effects that develop after using these medications include fatigue, dizziness and weight gain. Just remember though that anti-seizure medications also have the potential to trigger severe side effects. Always bear in mind that regular medical guidance is required. Women who are planning to get pregnant might have changes with their medications or the necessary adjustments are made. As individuals age, the medication requirements will also change.
Diet
In most cases, a ketogenic diet is used. This diet is high in fat yet low in carbohydrates and works by reducing the occurrence of seizures in some children who continue experiencing episodes while taking the medications.
The diet induces ketosis which is a state where the fat instead of carbohydrates is used as a source of energy. In a study conducted, an improvement in the occurrence of the seizure was evident after 3 days which is considered as the time it requires to induce ketosis.
Stimulation of the vagus nerve
The vagus nerve is positioned in the neck and it is stimulated using a battery placed into the chest wall that leads up to the nerve. This procedure can minimize seizures in some adults and children over 12 years old. Short bursts of energy are generated every few minutes. When it comes to the potential side effects, it includes hoarse voice, sore throat as well as nausea and ear pain.
Surgery
Some individuals who have focal seizures do not respond to medications. In such cases, surgery might be the only option to help reduce the seizure activity if an impaired region of the brain can localized.
The objective of surgery is to take away the damaged area without affecting other parts of the brain. This procedure involves the use of imaging techniques, tests and electroencephalography to assess the current function levels of the individual. The treatment of the lesions in the temporal lobe can yield good results in most cases.